The world of sciences is opening up to young women who currently represent a large number of the students in sciences. However, the integration into the job market and research does not seem to be completely even for both sexes. These differences become very apparent as the levels of responsibility, salary and visibility increase. How can we explain this inverted pyramid? Different institutions spend considerable efforts to counteract this tendency. In this chapter I will examine the factors influencing these differences, the pros and cons of the efforts being made to change it, and the successes of the strategies for the integration of more females into the world of the sciences.